How do Piagets and Vygotskys theories of learning and development Essay

How do Piagets and Vygotskys theories of learning and development compare regarding the influences of social interactions in childrens cognitive development - Essay Example These theories include Maturationist, Environmentalist and Constructivists ones. These three schools of thoughts have different views and ideas on child development. Piaget and Vygotsky are the pioneers and representatives of the Constructivist school of thought. Both of them have similarities and dissimilarities in their views. Before discussing the three aspects of child development, it is necessary to define cognitive psychology. In the words of Anderson: Cognitive psychology attempts to understand the nature of human intelligence and how people think. The study of cognitive psychology is motivated by scientific curiosity, by the desire for practical applications, and by the need to provide a foundation for other fields of social science. (Anderson, 1990:1) The Swiss biologist Jean Piaget and Russian psychologist Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky were the theorists to advance the constructivist theory of Cognitive development in children. According to which the cognitive development starts in children with their interaction with the environment and people around them. It is necessary for a child’s development, according to them, that he must interact with other individuals of society. The theory is different from the Maturationist school of thought. The Maturationist theorists believe that the cognitive development is a biological process, and all the healthy (normal) children get it as long as they grow physically. The theorists including Arnold Gessel and others believe that the cognitive development occur naturally and automatically. DeCos has quoted their views in these words: School readiness, according to maturationists, is a state at which all healthy young children arrive when they can perform tasks such as reciting the alphabet and counting; these tasks are required for learning more complex tasks such as reading and arithmetic. (DeCos, 1997) On the other hand, constructivists are of the view that development in children is not the outcome of

Organization change and innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Organization change and innovation - Essay Example Further than sociology, organizational innovation can make significant inputs to quite a lot of key fields of recent research. The most noticeable one is study on nationwide structures of innovation; however, it is equally pertinent to endogenous hypotheses of financial development more commonly. The link between the selection of type and the presumption of organizational change can be made since every concept or point of view relies on a comparatively open analysis of the environment. As these links are formed, â€Å"implicitly a number of new areas of research on innovation are suggested† (Poole, 2000, p. 102). Structural Contingency Theory A steady demand caused the automatic organization, but an altering demand formed the requirement for an organic organization with its stress on innovation as well as flexibility. Many researchers argue that more and more financial as well as political divisions should currently highlight either the organic representation or inter-organiza tional networks. However, the contingencies that describe why one specific type of â€Å"inter-organizational network is better for which kind of innovation and in which institutional or societal context have not been developed† (Poole, 2000, p. 154). Political Theory Political theory appeared â€Å"in opposition to structural contingency theory† (Poole, 2004, p. ... which the leading alliance, once in control, can stay even if the essential contingencies for the organization change, as a result, giving a reason for why a number of businesses do not deal with environment change. Nonetheless, without considering which takes place first - alterations within the main contingency or alterations within the leading alliance - shifts in the concluding one mostly indicate changes in policy in the direction of innovation or away from it. As a result, the political representation can be simply incorporated with the decisions on the significance of a high-risk policy, generally a unique ‘prerogative’ of this leading alliance. Organizational Environment Theory An exceptional evaluation of the research efforts that have been carried out on organizational change and innovation within this point of view shows that the majority of the organizational environment has highlighted the choice of organizational type. However, little concentration has been given to either the organic formation, the difficulty of the distribution of labor, or modernization rates. Perspectives on Organizational Change Organizational change is controlled by the institutionalization of authority in addition to the activities of interest groups in as well as around organizations. Since the last decade, both the authority implanted within official organizational structures in addition to the procedures and the current organizational understandings have been altering considerably. The stress of international competition as well as deregulation has caused a number of organizations and associations to look for new types of organization and various representations for managing individuals. Organizations turn â€Å"flatter, leaner, and less functionally oriented† (O’Reilly

In what ways wining Ca state lottery makes you bad Essay

In what ways wining Ca state lottery makes you bad - Essay Example This weakens their mental concentration towards their studies, and this will shamble their academic performance. It is also factual that many students after winning lottery money they are subject to poor financial management and this often cause them more psychological stress hence devastating their academic progress. Empirical research also shows that many college students who become millionaires due to lottery money have the high tendency of quitting their studies and embark on ill-advised investments. Consequently, some students end up in debt, and this may cause them being hospitalize due to the depression they undergo as a result of shock. Disparagingly, they come to realize their mistakes after exhausting the money; rather too late for any rectification action to be taken. What’s more, recent reports have found that students who win lottery money lose trust with almost everybody including their colleagues, family members, and even their teachers. It is true that winning the big top prize could be hard to trust anyone or any new person. Consequently, one’s safety is compromised. Additionally, college students who win the big Jackpot tend to become more vulnerable, unlike before. This is because the money they possess may make them be kidnap, or even be killed, and this will automatically make the winner uncomfortable. While lottery money helps a student to cope up with college life by empowering them financially, it ruins students by giving them enough cash to engage in drug abuse, and this money may transform these students to drug dealers. Therefore, this may cause them their live such as being killed or lifetime imprisonment for violating the state’s constitutional declarations. Therefore, if a student winning lottery money is not monitored, they may use the money to ruin their life and even the life of others. From the above elucidations, it is ostensible

Importance of Imagery in Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature Course

Importance of Imagery in Hamlet In 'Hamlet', imagery performs three important functions. Firstly, it helps to individualize the major characters of the drama. Secondly, it announces and elaborates major themes. And thirdly, reiterated images establish the distinctive atmosphere of the tragedy and keep the underlying mood of a scene, or of a succession of scenes, before the audience's mind. The crucial dramatic event on which the plot of 'Hamlet' hinges - the murder of King Hamlet by his brother Claudius - takes place in the pre-history of the tragedy, but it is vividly recalled for Hamlet (and for the audience) by the ghost in 1.5. The old king describes in vivid detail how the poison attacked his body as he slept, and how that healthy organism was destroyed from within, not having a chance to defend itself. The leperous distilment, whose effect Holds such an emnity with blood of man, That swift as quicksilver it courses through The natural gates and alleys of the body, And with a sudden vigour it doth posset And curd, like eager droppings into milk, The thin and wholesome blood; so did it mine, And a most instant tetter barked about Most lazar-like with vile and loathsome crust All my smooth body. At two further points in the play's action physical poisoning visually recurs - the poisoning of Old Hamlet is re-enacted in 3.2 by Lucianus and the Player King; and in the final scene of the drama all of the major characters, including the arch-poisoner Claudius himself, meet their deaths by poison. Poisoning also becomes a distinctive recurring pattern in the play's imagery. The individual occurrence in the palace garden is expanded into a symbol for the central problem of the... ...in his hands and philosophises on life and death. Images of animal lust and sensual appetite highlight Hamlet's feeling of revulsion at the adulterous, incestuous relationship between his mother and his uncle. The carnal nature of their relationship is emphasised through a pattern of animal images. In his opening soliloquy the grieving Prince declares his disgust that even an animal lacking reasoning power would have mourned longer for its mate than Gertrude did for her dead husband. O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason Would have mourn'd longer And the pair are imaged by him as pigs in their lovemaking Nay, but to live In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love Over the nasty sty Finally, the bloat king is variously described by Hamlet as a 'satyr', 'beast', 'paddock', 'bat', 'gib'

Napoleon: Tyrant, or Hero?

Napoleon was a big man in all ways except stature, with big plans, big actions, big passions, and a big appetite. Throughout Napoleon’s political and military career, he accomplished many goals of the revolution that had underlying democratic values, which he spread all across Europe. However, Napoleon was also an egotistical and oppressive character, and he took away many individual rights that had been gained during the reign of terror.Napoleon was a tyrant, twisted by his own passions and big ideas, but that doesn’t mean he wasn’t heroic or that he didn’t accomplished any heroic feats. Although Napoleon seized power, he strived to strengthen his country, and gain a majority of the support, understanding that there aint(sic) no power like the power of the people. He soon had a group of lawyers write up a code of laws that governed the entirety of France, making a more just system of laws and taxation, as before the laws varied state to state, while the t axes varied by estate.While this stabilized the government and economy, and largely leveled the playing field among men, it also took away many women’s rights, and sacrificed certain rights to maintain Napoleon’s growing power. Those who crossed Napoleon or spoke out against him, whether in public or in the paper were targeted, and he destroyed printers that voiced ‘dangerous’ thoughts. During the same time period, Napoleon also took back the rights of free blacks in Saint Domingue that the slaves had won during a revolt of their own.The event that showed his domineering potential, and turned off many of his previous ‘fans’, was when Napoleon was crowned emperor. Up until this point, many intellectuals had admired Napoleon for his cunning, and France’s dramatic recovery under his careful guidance. However, as Napoleon snatched the crown from the Pope like an insolent child, another great mastermind drew a groan of pained frustration.Bee thoven had been writing a symphony in his honor when Bonaparte decided to show some more of his true colors, causing the musical genius to scratch his name off the board and rename it â€Å"eroica symphony†, as he felt Napoleon no longer embodied the heroic qualities he had been trying to portray.Few people originally had a problem with Napoleon becoming Emperor, as a plebiscite had granted him the title, however, his haughty show had proved him not to be quite the ‘hero on a white horse’ everyone had been hoping for, rather he was simply a talented,  tactically genius, fallible human, worth as much as any other, and deserving no more emphasis or admiration than any other. Once he had secured France and his position as Emperor there, he set his sights out to his looming neighbors. After conquering or allying with most of Europe, almost the whole continent felt the benefit of the exchange of revolutionary reforms and ideals that took place, as Napoleon abolished the feudal system, dethroned kings, and set up a fairer tax and law system wherever he went.Despite spreading these democratic ideals, after people had started suffering because of his anti-British campaign, Napoleon wouldn’t let his reins of power slip, and he crushed revolts or acts of patriotism in the conquered nations ruthlessly whenever they appeared. This was especially true after the Spanish and Portuguese had a successful revolution, giving other nations hope of a similar fate.Napoleon was a tyrant first and a hero second, for while I’m sure some of what he did was for the good of France, he cared far to much about sweetening his own pot of power, and a large quantity of the things he did, though great, were probably to maintain and enhance his power, as he had shown himself to be his own biggest fan, and in turn, his own biggest enemy. While Napoleon will forever remain great figure in history, his authority left no room for opposition or opposing, or differ ent, ideas, and this made him a tyrant.

Down Syndrome Genetic Disorder And The Most Common...

Down Syndrome Introduction Down syndrome is a genetic disorder and the most common autosomal chromosome abnormality in humans. Down syndrome occurs when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. This additional genetic material alters of development and causes the characteristics associated with Down syndrome. The primary purposes of this article are to: establish the origin of the term Down syndrome; determine the possible causes of Down syndrome; Likelihood of having a child with Down syndrome; and treatments for humans diagnosed with Down syndrome. The Origins of the Term Down Syndrome In 1866, a British physician, John Langdon Down, for whom the syndrome is named, first described Down Syndrome, as ?Mongolism.? Down was a superintendent of an asylum for children with mental retardation. He observed a set of children with common features who were distinct from children with mental retardation. The term Down Syndrome didn?t become the accepted term until the early 1970s. More was learned about the condition in 1959, when French Pediatrician/Geneticist Profess Jerome Lejeune discovered that individual with Down syndrome had an extra chromosome. Shortly thereafter, chromosome studies were developed to confirm the diagnosis of Down syndrome (Wright, 2011). What is Down Syndrome In every cell in the human body there is a nucleus, where genetic materials are stored in genes. Genes carry the code responsible forShow MoreRelatedCongenital hearing loss is described as hearing loss that exists at birth. Factors responsible for1200 Words   |  5 Pagesmalformations of the external ear or other organs or with medical problems involving other organ systems) or nonsyndromic (no associated visible abnormalities of the external ear or any related medical problems)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Over 400 genetic syndromes are associated with congenital hearing loss. These include Treacher Collins, an autosomal dominant disorder and Down syndrome, an x-linked hearing loss. Although congenital hearing loss can be difficult to live with, hearing aids, surgery, and therapy are all availableRead MoreApproximately three to four percent of babies born every year are born with some kind of genetic700 Words   |  3 Pagesevery year are born with some kind of genetic di sorder. A genetic disorder is described as an illness caused by an error in one’s genome, and is usually hereditary. To understand how these errors occur, one must first understand the basic concept of genes. Genes are the basic units of heredity and are made up of pieces of DNA that instruct the cell how to make specific proteins. Humans are estimated to have about 20,000 to 30,000 genes in their genome. Chromosomes contain these genes and DNA. HumansRead MoreA Study On Turner Syndrome1724 Words   |  7 Pages Turner syndrome, also known as Monosomy X, is caused by the deletion of the second X chromosome in females. This can be a partial deletion or a complete deletion. It is caused by a random error called nondisjunction, which is â€Å"the failure of sister chromatids to separate during or after meiosis† (Biology Online, 2008). This can lead to an abnormal amount of chromosomes. In this case, it leads to an abnormality in the sex chromosomes leaving the woman with one functioning X chromosome. While theRead MoreFactors Affecting Human Development During Phases Of Meiosis And Mitosis2070 Words   |  9 Pagesresults in an abnormal amount of chromosomes in the produced cells and causes alterations in those who are affected. Nondisjunctional consequences can be seen in these five examples of genetic inheritance conditions discussed in this paper: Down syndrome, Patau’s syndrome, Edward’s syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner’s syndrome. The Mendelian principles of genetics developed by Gregor Mendel include the patterns of autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritanceRead MoreEssay about Down Syndrome941 Words   |  4 Pagestheir child has a genetic disorder called Down Syndrome (â€Å"National Down Syndrome Society,† n.d.). Within a matter of minutes parents learn that children with Down Syndrome can also have a variety of other conditions and disorders, will not d evelop in the same way that other children do, and may even have a shorter life span. However, children with Down Syndrome are happy-go-lucky children with a kind disposition and a wonderful personality. Also known as Trisomy 21, Down Syndrome does not mean theRead MoreThe Genetic Disorder Or Autoimmune Disease? How Was It Discovered?2274 Words   |  10 Pagesthe genetic disorder or autoimmune disease? How was it discovered? Answer: In 1866, Doctor John Langdon Down. He first described Down syndrome as a disorder, but he misunderstood how Down syndrome arises. The cause of Down syndrome was rather recently discovered in 1959. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder and most common cause of cognitive impairments. B. Is the disease state recessive or dominant? Explain your answer. Answer: The disease isn’t a disease, it is considered a disorder. ThisRead MoreHistory of the Patau Syndrome1850 Words   |  7 PagesPatau Syndrome, otherwise known as T13 is a very rare and lethal genetic disorder in which a person has three copies of chromosome 13 instead of two. T13 is characterized by the presence of an assortment of heart and brain malformation in newborns. Children with the disease are often born with multiple birth defects that are normally associated with T13 but not limited to it, including small eyes, undescended testicles, cleft lip/palate, and they consistently exhibit signs of mental deficiency and/orRead MoreHomeobox Gene Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesfingernails and toenails. Most of MSX1 mutation is heterozygous. MSX1 is a muscle segment homeobox gene 1 is also known as Hox7. It is expressed in segmented striated muscles and the central nervous system. It is one of non-clustered homeobox gene, which showed an important role in the embryonic development of Drosophila. The murine homologue of Hox-7 was identified and mapped to mouse chromosome 5(2). However, human MSX1 is located in the short arm of the chromosome 4 at 16.2 position and consistsRead MoreMSX1 Case Study1622 Words   |  7 Pages The murine homologue of Hox-7 was identified and mapped to mouse chromosome 5(1). However human MSX1 is located in chromosome 4 short arm position 16.2 and consists of two exons 704 bp and 1236 bp, separated via a 2332-bp intron.(2) Both murine and human hox7 are highly homologous, have around 90% identical DNA. Hox7 encodes two potential in-frame translation start sites. The 5’ HOX7 gene is very GC-rich(1). MSX1 takes most of its expression in mesenchyme(3). Msx1 also contributes to cell proliferationRead MoreMaternal Age and Down Syndrome Essay2060 Words   |  9 PagesThe Influence of Maternal Age on Down syndrome Children born to older parents are at greater risk for genetic abnormalities, such as Down syndrome. No one knows what causes the chromosomal abnormality that results in Down syndrome, a condition according to the National Association for Down syndrome, affects one in 800 to 1,000 babies in the United States. Any woman regardless of her culture, race and socio-economic status can have a baby with Down syndrome. However, a mother’ age seems to be a

Subcultures And Its Influence On Contemporary Society

Historically, subcultures found its definition originating in the early 1800s, with examples such as bohemia and another example(ref). Whether subcultures still have an identifiable existence in today’s contemporary society is contentious pertaining to its difficulty in actual measurement. It is important to look from a historical perspective at the features that define a subculture, and gives it the unique identity that constitutes some discernible traits that differ from conventional society. This is to say that the traits that make the subculture are not singular in their form, for they can be both abstract and material. It is the intent of this essay to highlight such features and question if subcultures as a term, should still be applicable in contemporary society. From Teddy Boys, mods and rockers, hells angels to punks and even modern day terms for groups such as chavs, subcultures have throughout history attempted to identify themselves from what is considered societie s definition of normal (ref). This form of indifference against the majority agreed upon social construction of society, is expressed in a multitude of ways. The social constriction that minority groups feel in the respect of class stratification, cultural, political, and religious beliefs result in sense of being ostracized (ref). Through this constraint, the expression of subcultures emerges in the manifestation of unique socially constructed ideas and beliefs. This typically goes hand in hand withShow MoreRelatedOutline and Explain the View That Youth Subcultures Are a Form of Resistance to Capitalism676 Words   |  3 PagesOutline And Explain the view that youth subcultures are a form of resistance to capitalism (33 Marks) A  youth subculture  is a  youth-based  subculture  with distinct styles, behaviours, and interests. Youth subcultures offer participants an identity outside of that ascribed by  social institutions  such as  family,  work,  home  and  school. Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a countries trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. I will use evidence from the CCCSRead MorePunk Subculture1702 Words   |  7 Pagesmechanized into living where they live. Concerned with the erosion of identify and distinct ways of life, large quantities of subculture emergedï ¼Å'especially in the late 1960s and 1970s. Bourdieu has already coined the term ‘cultural capital’ to explicate the cultural asserts available within society. As provided with unique habitus and subcultural production, diverse subcultures often distinct through different subcultural capitals. This essay will interpret the notion of ‘subcultural capital’ thoroughlyRead MoreRejecting Social Norms: The Goth Subculture Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesemergence of the Goth subculture: a group of social misfits that appear to always find themselves on the outskirts of mainstream pop culture. It is a complex subculture with great depth and mystery. The Gothics share a connection with the darker aesthetic, through their intense music and sexual fetishism, calling into question their predisposition to depression and rejection of social norms. There is rarely a single moment in history when one can pinpoint the exact moment when a subculture emerges. It isRead MoreThe Beat Generation Subculture Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Beat Generation Subculture Every generation has its middle class, majority, and norm, which are decided by that eras standards of behavior and thought. Similarly, each generation has a group that rejects these standards and rebels against the norm. In the 1950s a group of American writers that exemplified this behavior formed. They were called the beat generation. The beat generation was particularly remarkable because although it was began by an exceptionally small group of people,Read MoreAn Alternative View On Punk Visual Language1308 Words   |  6 Pagestogether with an image showing the band looking carefree. The album exudes juxtaposition with this appearing between monochrome and colour, image and drawing and femininity and masculinity. Punk and The Work Place For many of those within the punk subculture, negotiation between the expression of their punk identity and expectations of the roles they had to play in their working environment were forced to take place. With the chance of restrictive rules in place, limiting self-expression, it can beRead MoreThe Legacy Of Soul Music1509 Words   |  7 Pagesfor example, contemporary neo-soul and soul jazz (312). The history of soul music is notable for producing a range of artists who have assisted African-American societies with societal and political issues through the rise and fall of soul music. In what follows, I will argue how soul music had a significant impact during the 1960s through bringing together both the white and black subcultures. Firstly, through examining the history and effects of slavery in the African-American societies. SecondlyRead MoreThe Origins Of The Gothic Culture1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gothic culture is a subculture that can found throughout the world. This subculture began in the early 1980s in England.Two Gothic bands that are an outcome of the post-punk genre are Bauhaus and Siouxsie and the Banshees, and these bands have influenced Gothic bands today like A Day To Remember. The Goth subculture has survived and grown throughout the years. The Goth subculture has its own different type of genre of music, art, literature, media, and fashion. Fashion in this culture encompassesRead MoreDuped Or Cognizant?1400 Words   |  6 Pagesor Cognizant? Within its many forms, subsets, and purposes, Culture has long been an object of investigation, dissection, and interpretation across various facets in business, literature, and everyday lives. It encompasses the most direct and contemporary aspects of our lives via entertainment, sports, news, music, politics, technology, fashion and more. As many of us have ventured into these outlets and taken interest (and obsession) with things within them, we are able to take what is being ‘sold’Read MoreAttending Motorcycle Rallies, An Important Component Of Social Life For Many Touring Drivers1634 Words   |  7 Pagesothers formed around organizations like the police officer’s and firefighter’s associations (Quinn Forsyth, 2010). The growth of these associations would start to split the biker culture further into more subcultures. Today’s Biker Culture The biker culture of today is made up of numerous subcultures that span a variety of ages, attitudes, economic classes and types of motorcycles. Of course, there is the outlaw biker, but there are many more that make up the biker culture of today. Start with theRead MoreThe Sociological Concept Of ‘Taste’ Allows Us To See How1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor sociological frameworks. From understanding the implications that the emergence of ‘taste’ has bought into the field of sociology, in this essay, we will see the vast application it has to everyday understandings of society. Then from the critical analysis of more contemporary sociological theoretical frameworks, such as Pierre Bourdieu’s, we can begin to apply these to our understandings of everyday life. The analysis of taste, or in historical terms ‘aesthetics’, can be seen to stretch back