Subcultures And Its Influence On Contemporary Society

Historically, subcultures found its definition originating in the early 1800s, with examples such as bohemia and another example(ref). Whether subcultures still have an identifiable existence in today’s contemporary society is contentious pertaining to its difficulty in actual measurement. It is important to look from a historical perspective at the features that define a subculture, and gives it the unique identity that constitutes some discernible traits that differ from conventional society. This is to say that the traits that make the subculture are not singular in their form, for they can be both abstract and material. It is the intent of this essay to highlight such features and question if subcultures as a term, should still be applicable in contemporary society. From Teddy Boys, mods and rockers, hells angels to punks and even modern day terms for groups such as chavs, subcultures have throughout history attempted to identify themselves from what is considered societie s definition of normal (ref). This form of indifference against the majority agreed upon social construction of society, is expressed in a multitude of ways. The social constriction that minority groups feel in the respect of class stratification, cultural, political, and religious beliefs result in sense of being ostracized (ref). Through this constraint, the expression of subcultures emerges in the manifestation of unique socially constructed ideas and beliefs. This typically goes hand in hand withShow MoreRelatedOutline and Explain the View That Youth Subcultures Are a Form of Resistance to Capitalism676 Words   |  3 PagesOutline And Explain the view that youth subcultures are a form of resistance to capitalism (33 Marks) A  youth subculture  is a  youth-based  subculture  with distinct styles, behaviours, and interests. Youth subcultures offer participants an identity outside of that ascribed by  social institutions  such as  family,  work,  home  and  school. Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a countries trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. I will use evidence from the CCCSRead MorePunk Subculture1702 Words   |  7 Pagesmechanized into living where they live. Concerned with the erosion of identify and distinct ways of life, large quantities of subculture emergedï ¼Å'especially in the late 1960s and 1970s. Bourdieu has already coined the term ‘cultural capital’ to explicate the cultural asserts available within society. As provided with unique habitus and subcultural production, diverse subcultures often distinct through different subcultural capitals. This essay will interpret the notion of ‘subcultural capital’ thoroughlyRead MoreRejecting Social Norms: The Goth Subculture Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesemergence of the Goth subculture: a group of social misfits that appear to always find themselves on the outskirts of mainstream pop culture. It is a complex subculture with great depth and mystery. The Gothics share a connection with the darker aesthetic, through their intense music and sexual fetishism, calling into question their predisposition to depression and rejection of social norms. There is rarely a single moment in history when one can pinpoint the exact moment when a subculture emerges. It isRead MoreThe Beat Generation Subculture Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Beat Generation Subculture Every generation has its middle class, majority, and norm, which are decided by that eras standards of behavior and thought. Similarly, each generation has a group that rejects these standards and rebels against the norm. In the 1950s a group of American writers that exemplified this behavior formed. They were called the beat generation. The beat generation was particularly remarkable because although it was began by an exceptionally small group of people,Read MoreAn Alternative View On Punk Visual Language1308 Words   |  6 Pagestogether with an image showing the band looking carefree. The album exudes juxtaposition with this appearing between monochrome and colour, image and drawing and femininity and masculinity. Punk and The Work Place For many of those within the punk subculture, negotiation between the expression of their punk identity and expectations of the roles they had to play in their working environment were forced to take place. With the chance of restrictive rules in place, limiting self-expression, it can beRead MoreThe Legacy Of Soul Music1509 Words   |  7 Pagesfor example, contemporary neo-soul and soul jazz (312). The history of soul music is notable for producing a range of artists who have assisted African-American societies with societal and political issues through the rise and fall of soul music. In what follows, I will argue how soul music had a significant impact during the 1960s through bringing together both the white and black subcultures. Firstly, through examining the history and effects of slavery in the African-American societies. SecondlyRead MoreThe Origins Of The Gothic Culture1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gothic culture is a subculture that can found throughout the world. This subculture began in the early 1980s in England.Two Gothic bands that are an outcome of the post-punk genre are Bauhaus and Siouxsie and the Banshees, and these bands have influenced Gothic bands today like A Day To Remember. The Goth subculture has survived and grown throughout the years. The Goth subculture has its own different type of genre of music, art, literature, media, and fashion. Fashion in this culture encompassesRead MoreDuped Or Cognizant?1400 Words   |  6 Pagesor Cognizant? Within its many forms, subsets, and purposes, Culture has long been an object of investigation, dissection, and interpretation across various facets in business, literature, and everyday lives. It encompasses the most direct and contemporary aspects of our lives via entertainment, sports, news, music, politics, technology, fashion and more. As many of us have ventured into these outlets and taken interest (and obsession) with things within them, we are able to take what is being ‘sold’Read MoreAttending Motorcycle Rallies, An Important Component Of Social Life For Many Touring Drivers1634 Words   |  7 Pagesothers formed around organizations like the police officer’s and firefighter’s associations (Quinn Forsyth, 2010). The growth of these associations would start to split the biker culture further into more subcultures. Today’s Biker Culture The biker culture of today is made up of numerous subcultures that span a variety of ages, attitudes, economic classes and types of motorcycles. Of course, there is the outlaw biker, but there are many more that make up the biker culture of today. Start with theRead MoreThe Sociological Concept Of ‘Taste’ Allows Us To See How1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor sociological frameworks. From understanding the implications that the emergence of ‘taste’ has bought into the field of sociology, in this essay, we will see the vast application it has to everyday understandings of society. Then from the critical analysis of more contemporary sociological theoretical frameworks, such as Pierre Bourdieu’s, we can begin to apply these to our understandings of everyday life. The analysis of taste, or in historical terms ‘aesthetics’, can be seen to stretch back

Taobao Established Shopping from Home with Online Shopping

Question 1 History In 2003 Taobao was established by Ma Yun, a man with wildest ambition in ecommerce and also the founder of Alibaba. Taobao, is the biggest network retailer marketplace in Asia. It is a Chinese language website for online shopping, similar to eBay and Amazon. Currently, Taobao marketplace focus on C2C (Consumer to Consumer) and B2C (Business to Consumer). With around 760 million product listings as of March 2013, Taobao Marketplace is one of the world’s top 20 most visited websites according to Alexa. The combined gross merchandise volume (GMV) of Taobao Marketplace and Tmall.com exceeded RMB1 trillion in the end of 31 March 2013. Introduction Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which provides the way consumers go shopping and purchase services and goods with reasonable price on the Internet. For some consumers, shopping and purchasing online have become part of their daily lives, while others may not even care about it. Taobao online shopping system has provide consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the internet using a web browser. Users can shop from your home comfort. They not need to go to crowd supermarket or shopping mall to buy their necessity items. Items can be get from online shopping include cars, books, apparel, jewelers, baby care, gifts, tools, etc. Besides that, user can shop from foreign countries with a few clicks. Furthermore, online shopping system could make yourShow MoreRelatedSwot of Taobao664 Words   |  3 PagesBusiness: Taobao online trading platform Strengths: 1. The leading individual trading online platform in Asia provided B2C and C2C e-commerce business model. 2. Create (Lead) a convenient and easy online shopping channel for consumer without using traditional retail channels. 3. Connect with a reliable payment method and online trading amp; paying system (Alipayæ” ¯Ã¤ »ËœÃ¥ ¯ ¶) 4. A well-known brand for online trading platform in business field that can attract businesses to join and be the alliance withRead MoreThe impacts of TAOBAO(business to customer) on E-business in China.1646 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The impacts of TAOBAO(business to customer) on E-business in China. Introduction In the last few decades, an increasing number of consumers are willing to choose online shopping rather than traditional purchase methods, such as supermarket and mall. The website named TAOBAO is a newly developing online shopping website, based on business-to-customer(B2C). This system can be defined as one model of electronic business (E-business) and that includes â€Å"Selling individual products to individual buyersRead MoreThe Benefits Of Pipelines974 Words   |  4 Pagesquickly as the direct pipeline for delivering content to home viewers. Various cable companies have managed to maintain competitive advantage primarily through the offering of sports content packages. Cable subscription grants not only access to local matches, but also to those from all around the world ranging from NBA to NFL. Cable TV is advantageous as it is not restricted by regional limitations that may be imposed on broadcasting services online (Thompson, 2015). For example, in terms of live sportRead MoreTaobaos Success1860 Words   |  8 Pagesshare this big cake. Taobao (www.taobao.com), a Chinese-based company which is a leading platform for C2C personal transactions, was founded in 2003 by the 450 million investment from world’s best B2B company——Alibaba. Taobao is a typical example of China E-business style. Taobao paid a lot of efforts in order to China and Asia’s market dominance, during a lot of difficulties and challenges especially in the competition with E-bay. But some problems still exist in Taobao’ credit system and logisticsRead MoreAn Analysis of Chinaa E-Commerce Industry1488 Words   |  6 Pagese-commerce industry Online retailing in China, dubbed ‘e-tailing’, has doubled every year since 2003. By 2020 the size of China’s online retail market is predicted to reach up to US$650 billion, exceeding the combined value of online markets in the USA, UK, Japan, German and France. With over 590 million internet users, China boasts the world’s largest online population - more than the US and Japan combined – and still growing at almost 10 per cent per annum. The boom in online retail is a key elementRead MoreCustomers Behaviour in E-Commerce in China17665 Words   |  71 PagesCUSTOMER’S BEHAVIOUR IN E-COMMERCE IN CHINA Case: taobao Thesis Xinxing Hong Yanlong Chen Degree Programme in International Business International Marketing Management SAVONIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES Business and Administration, Varkaus Degree Programme, option Bachelor of Business Administration, International Business, International Marketing Management Author(s) Hong Xinxing Chen Yanlong Title of study CUSTOMER’S BEHAVIOUR IN E-COMMERCE IN CHINA Type of projectRead MoreDiversification A New Market Development Strategy1562 Words   |  7 Pagescompanies, also took the diversification strategy to develop and expend itself. Alibaba is one of the world s premier e-commerce brands and the first online marketplace for global and domestic trade. It provides an efficient, trusted platform connecting small and medium-sized buyers and suppliers from all around the world. The products of Alibaba come from the private label brands, which establish their own stores on this platform. And people can choose their goods freely and finish the trade by Ali-payRead MoreAlibaba5915 Words   |  24 PagesAustralia for the first time. Upload your photographs of our unique natural environment, help improve Wikipedia and win some great prizes along the way! ------------------------------------------------- Alibaba Group From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the character from the Arabian folk tale, see  Ali Baba. Coordinates:  30 °11†²31.12†³N  120 °11†²9.79†³E Alibaba Group Holding Limited | | Type | Public Company | Traded  as | NYSE:  BABA | Founded | 4  April 1999; 17 years ago HangzhouRead MoreTaobao vs. Ebay China8878 Words   |  36 PagesCASE: IB-88 DATE: 01/04/10 TAOBAO VS. EBAY CHINA Ten to 15 years from now, I think China can be eBay s largest market on a global basis†¦. We think China has tremendous long-term potential and we want to do everything we can to maintain 1 our No. 1 position. — Meg Whitman, eBay CEO, 2004 By 2008, Jack Ma, CEO of Alibaba.com Inc., was in a position to consider how to fortify Taobao’s dominant position in China’s online consumer-to-consumer (C2C) market. Ma and his company had come a long wayRead MoreCase - Alibaba Group7315 Words   |  30 Pagesorganizational structure in tandem with changes in strategy. Jack Ma, Chief Executive Officer of Alibaba Group, stared through the fog at the cable stays of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge whistling past on his drive to the offices of Taobao (hunting for treasures), Alibabas online marketplace for Chinese retailers and consumers. The longest transoceanic bridge in the world had a long gestation period: the feasibility studies took a decade. and even after their approval the plans changed to connect the

Brownies Free Essays

Brownies became popular across America beginning in the sass. Today, a search in the internet can discover over 100,000 brownie recipes. The variations seem endless, containing everything from candy to coffee beans (Blitz, 2014). We will write a custom essay sample on Brownies or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a new variation, the company presents a new taste of brownies having Morning Leafier or better known as Malagasy as the flavor because of its growing popularity and relevance. Malagasy is a popular backyard plant in the Philippines. It is once known as a poor man’s vegetable, but is now garnering international attention as a â€Å"superegos† of miracle tree† with its proven nutritional value and many uses (Gasman, 2013). This product intends to offer people a healthy lifestyle featuring the extra benefits and nutritional values of the said plant, for this product will be presented as a food supplement to children, teenagers and adults. Studies show that the Malagasy plant is widely used as herbal medicine for a number of illness and other practical uses. Malagasy is known as a very nutritious plant, where it is used to combat malnutrition in third world countries especially for infants and mothers, and also as having antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti fungal repertories (AN Part, 2003). These studies prove the effectiveness of the plant and its great help to people’s health that is why this plant was chosen as the new flavor of the brownies. Nowadays, people are looking for differences and distinctions between products and so, companies are challenged in developing new products for people. This product is a solution to people who needs food supplements, but do not want to take the usual medication like in the forms of capsules, syrups, etc. This company is working to offer food supplements in the form of Malagasy brownies. People, who will avail the said product, will get to have the all-time favorite dessert, the brownies plus take pleasure in and have the benefits of the very nutritious Malagasy plant. Thus, the Morning Leafier or Malagasy plant is chosen as the raw material of the product which is food supplements in the form of brownies. This product will be offered to suit the needs of people who are in need of help to their health featuring the nutritional values and many benefits of Malagasy. REFERENCES Blitz, l. (25 June 2014). Failed Cake to Family Favorite: Brownie History. Retrieved from http://www. Prepares. Org/Assets/files/Brownie_Recipe_Handout. PDF. Gasman, M. (21 November 2013). Malagasy (Morning)-the World’s â€Å"Superegos†. Retrieved from http://www. Classicist. Com/Malagasy-morning-worlds-superegos/. AN, K. Part, L. (2003). Malagasy Uses, Health Benefits, Side Effects, Preparation. Retrieved from http://www. Indistinguishable. Com/articles/Malagasy. HTML. BUSINESS DESCRIPTION The main purpose of the business is to provide a healthy lifestyle and living in the present generation specifically to children with ages 7-12, teenagers 13-19 and adults tit ages 20 and above. The company will provide food supplements in the form of Morning Leafier or Malagasy brownies as the products. These brownies will offer the unique benefits and nutritional values of Malagasy leaves and plant to health. To be able to produce the product, the company will be offering a partnership to the Malagasy Plantation in Apace, Nag City. This plantation will provide the Malagasy plant as the main ingredient or raw material of the brownies as food supplements. The partnership will be having 70% of the revenues for our company and the engaging 30% for the Malagasy Plantation. The Cacao Farm and Industries will also be another supplier for our company. The company will be management. Under this, there will be subgroups such as the Financial, Operational and Human Resources departments. The Malagasy Plantation will be the head for the Operational department and under them is the Cacao Farm and Industries together with the other suppliers. Job Descriptions: General Manager The general manager conducts and administers the overall undertaking in the business. The general manager will asks for the reports and updates from the line managers regarding the business dealings delegated to each of them. Checking the performance of all the managers is also a duty of the general manager. The general manager will also help draw ideas and thoughts together with the other managers to come up with a rational, agreed result in order to achieve the company’s objectives. Financial Manager The financial manager is in charge with the overall financial affairs of the business. He identifies costs relating to the business. He keeps the book of accounts and monthly reports. He is also in charge in the preparation of the financial statement. Productions and Operations Manager The productions and operations manager has the task of buying the needed ingredients for the production of the products. He is also commissioned to make an inventory system. He is involved with the planning, coordination and control of manufacturing processes. He ensures that goods and services are produced efficiently and that the correct amount is produced at the right cost and level of quality. Sales and Marketing Manager The sales manager has the task of monitoring the sales. He is also tasked with the costs needed in making long-term plans for the business. He furthermore studies and analyses the changes in the market trend and come up with appropriate innovations in the product that will suit customer’s taste and preferences. The sales manager studies and reports the supply and demand trends in the business. The marketing manager is in charge of formulating strategies to improve public relations. He also makes a wide campaign via calling cards, referrals of the baked products to make the business recognized. He is also asks for comments, makes surveys from customers and develops strategies to meet their expectations. Human Resources Manager Human resources manager develops, advises on and implements policies relating to the effective use of personnel within an organization. His aim is to ensure that the organization employs the right balance of staff in terms of skills and experience, and that training and development opportunities are available to employees to enhance their performance and achieve the employer’s business aims. In the present times, the company will Just be proposing the Malagasy brownies, but will not be limited to it in the near future. The company will be extending their reduces in terms of new flavors for the brownies or new forms of the Malagasy food supplements. Product development and innovation will be used as marketing strategies of the company depending on the sales and opinions or feedback from the people. The company will do research to give the customers their satisfaction. At the end of the year, the company is tasked to have paid the liabilities from the capital. The company must also seek to improve the lifestyles of people as its main purpose and must have provided positive comments and effects to people who will avail the product. OPERATIONAL PLAN The business will communicate with the customers through direct selling or house- to-house selling or person-to-person selling. The company aims to provide the customers an easy way of reaching the product. Another way to promote the product is through the use of social media such as Faceable, Twitter and other websites. Customers are free to contact the company regarding the product or send an email to our official page. The pricing strategy will be based on the materials used and each will cost 25 pesos and a box of 12 will cost 290 pesos (A 3-percent discount is offered). The product does not look like the usual brownies which shapes as square or rectangle, but will be circular in appearance or will look like cupcakes. Customers will be given the chance to avail membership worth 3,000 pesos as an initial payment and will have certain discounts and other benefits. For those who will avail the membership, they will have an additional two boxes of the products for one year. The company plans to a consignment for our product to different stores in Nag City particularly in terminals, cafeteria, canteens and eateries. But, the business intends o operate primarily by accepting orders from customers through mobile, e-mail and other means of communication. How to cite Brownies, Papers

Business Should Do Anything They Can to Make Profit free essay sample

Nowadays, business plays a very important role in our daily lives. The more profit a business makes, the more successful it is. Some people think that businesses should do anything they can to make maximum profits. However, in my opinion, businesses should not do anything that break the law or do harm to our environment and think of customers beforehand. First and foremost, this kind of action is violating the business laws. Once the business company break the laws, its corporate image will be destroyed, and people will no longer trust this company ever again. Moreover, there are still some businesses which release disposal into our environment without purification, and then a company has polluted the air, water and soil. As a result, when we breathe, drink and eat, we take the deposits which may make us ill. Secondly, businessmen should think of their customers in advance. For a business to flourish, having as many clients as possible is necessary to make more profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Should Do Anything They Can to Make Profit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Making just any decision like illegal price increase will scare them and many of them will turn to vendors with affordable price. This is what a lot of businesses do and they lost many customers which may lead to the fall of the business. However, for some people, money is really important for their daily lives. They do business with the main purpose of obtaining money. They can do anything to earning more money and develop their business but should do in legal ways. By doing this, the money they get is certainly worthy and do not harm anyone as well as the environment. In conclusion, business should not be allowed to do anything they want to make profit. Also, there are many things that businessmen have to do in order to make more money but a number of things should be taken into consideration before enforcing certain decisions. These include their consciousness in working and the customers they serve.

Action Research Project

Introduction This Action research project is important in understanding why many English as Second Language students are not great academic achievers in a mainstream classroom. This will help me in understanding and coming up with strategies to use in counteracting the effects of the situation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Action Research Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research project will include an understanding of the problem with the help of the problem statement and consequently, secondary research will be conducted to get a deeper understanding of the issue. Later, primary information will be obtained from the subjects and it will be analyzed using the appropriate tools. Subsequently, relevant recommendations will be made to help address the issue. Action Research Defined Action research entails the use of research methods to investigate current problems. Teachers and administrato rs mainly engage in action research as individuals, or in groups since they are in the process of developing the best local solutions and practices to help students improve their performance. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are applied solely or collectively. Problem Statement The problem is that many English as Second Language Students are not successful in a mainstream classroom. This is because of various factors that lack in students’ learning environment and more specifically, among immigrant and LEP students. The support of parents and the community has not been felt thus, this action research proposal calls for both parents to be actively involved in their children’s education process as it plays a critical role in enhancing success and achievement. This action research proposal is intended to take a timeframe of 4 months for the researcher to fully investigate this problem and come up with favorable solutions. Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether a specific solution strategy will improve ESL academic status in the regular classroom. Provision of a collaborative home school partnership that educates parents and/or caregivers on different programs, activities and curriculum can help achieve this. This is achievable through cultivating a positive home school partnership such that the quality and quantity of parental involvement will have a major impact on student achievement.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A survey will be carried out and a customer satisfaction survey questionnaire will be used. The questionnaire aims to obtain the percentage of ESL students who would complete the questionnaire, parents of the ESL students who would complete the questionnaire and the percentage number of students who would get an average score based on an assessment done on them. This is used to measure the commitm ent and capability of ESL students with regard to learning as well as parental involvement in their children’s (ESL students) education. Description of the Community The community is located on a United States Air Force Base in mainland Japan. There are 310 students enrolled at the elementary school. The ESL population represents 65% of the student body population. The community population is not stable. Population size has decreased to 35,000 residents as of October 2010 from 45, 000 residents in 2005. The community is committed to the education process of students based on the needs of military installation. Apparently, the school district has not realized any upward growth. The school district is comprised of 12 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, and 6 high schools (DODEA Pacific, 2010) The student population is approximately 8,520 students (DODEA Pacific, 2010) The certified staff is approximately 500 teachers and administrators (DODEA Pacific, 2010) The school dis trict’s goals are focused on highest student achievement through continuous improvement (DODEA Pacific, 2010). The district’s mission statement is â€Å"The Department of Defense Education Activity provides, in military communities worldwide, exemplary educational programs that inspire and prepare all students for success in a global environment† (Pacific, 2010). The school district believes that all students can learn if communities were committed to success for all students. (DODEA Pacific, 2010) The school district emphasizes life-long learning skills in the light of â€Å"promoting academic excellence, enhancing social development, fostering emotional well-being, and instilling a passion for lifelong learning† (DODEA Pacific, 2010). The school district encourages community involvement in education. It also supports consistent communication between the involved stakeholders to enhance student development (DODEA Pacific, 2010). Description of Work Sett ing The research project will take place at one of the 12 elementary schools located in this military community. There are 127 ESL students in the elementary school. The cultural demographics of intermediate students are 28 White, 20 African Americans, 11 Asian, 2 American Indian/Alaska Native, 30 Multiracial, 12 Hispanic or Latino and 1 Decline. 30 ESL students and their parents will be included in the research project. Four regular education content area teachers will be included in the research project. Two special education teachers and two paraprofessionals will be engaged in this research project. Writer’s Role The writer holds a B.S. in elementary education. The writer has been teaching for 16 years and has taught the present elementary school for 7 years. The writer’s role at the school is being a 4th grade teacher, Continuous School Improvement Chairperson, Chair of Assessment Community, Student Council for the 6th year and grade level chair for 5 years. Th e writer is responsible for coordinating individual educational plans for all ESL students in the classroom. The writer consults with ESL and with special educators experiencing problems in inclusive settings. The writer is responsible for ongoing collaboration with the sub-targeted community to support revisions of interventions to ensure student learning is taking place. Study of the Problem Problem Description The problem is that many English as Second Language (ESL) students are not academic achievers in a mainstream classroom. When children with varying comprehending ability in as far as English is concerned are placed in the same classroom, it is obvious that they will not succeed or gain academic excellence in the same way. This is case with ESL students.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Action Research Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the first place, their skills with regard to readi ng and writing English may not be good compared to their speaking skills. When they are put in the same class with native English speakers, it only means that the ESL students will be left out. The ESL students are students with special needs related to the English language and need extra attention away from the mainstream classroom. ESL students are lacking the complete understanding of the English language yet; English is the main language in overseas universities especially in the United States. When these students are put in a mainstream classroom without any special consideration, they suffer amidst native English speakers as they do not understand the lessons, which are conducted in English. English is simple at the surface but when it comes to reading and writing, it can be tricky because it requires the proper use of nouns, tenses, verbs and one ought to pronounce and spell words correctly. As a result, it becomes a complex subject which the ESL students may find difficult t o understand. Low scores have been realized for formative and summative English. The ESL students will mainly have lower scores and based on the ‘No Child Left Behind’ program as discussed above, schools with ESL students where scores are low will not receive adequate funding. As a result, there is lack of an appropriate work force to support the ESL students in terms of diversity, quality and quantity. It has been said that there are few teachers in general to meet the needs of ESL students and more so, content-teachers are limited. The erosion of cultural values is another thing that has contributed to the poor performance of ESL students. The example of the Chinese society shows this. Previously, children had it within themselves the obligation of succeeding in school because this was a show of love, devotion and respect for their parents. Now, with the penetration of western cultural values, this has been diluted and currently, ESL students who are mainly immigrants from other countries and who, English is not their native language, do not consider academic success as a show of devotion and love for their parents any more. It is therefore clear that ESL students’ poor academic performance is as a result of complexity of the English language and yet, there is an inadequate workforce to meet the special needs of ESL students. In addition, there is limited financial support in schools with a high number of ESL students due to low scores.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I believe that ESL students should not be classified in the same way as native English speakers. Alternatively, special teachers to cater for their special needs should be made available. Problem Documentation Thirty of the 30 ESL students are unable to complete their homework. Twenty of the 30 ESL students are unable to work independently on class work. Twenty of the 30 ESL students spend at least 120 minutes of services with the ESL teacher weekly. Twelve of the 30 students participate in full inclusion classes with support from the ESL teacher. Only three of the 30 ESL students scored in the average range for their grade level on the summative assessment. Nineteen of the 30 ESL students scored between 25% and 50% on the summative assessment. Seven of the 30 ESL students were not eligible for summative assessment. Two of the 30 ESL students fell below the 10% on the summative assessment. Literature Review According to the current law, every parent has a role to play in the educa tion of his or her child. The child should be provided with adequate and meaningful opportunities to enable him or her experience academic achievement. Community representatives are also part of this very imperative process. Thereby, they are able to liaise with educators and Come up with an education plan that indicates how the LEA, SEA and individual schools would enhance social, academic and emotional growth of students. Mould Title I services that entail policies and school practices that encourage meaningful involvement of parents to support student achievement. DoDEA also supports the view that parents play a crucial role with regard to the Department of Defense Education Activity’s (DoDEA’s) mission to provide excellent education that prepares students and triggers them to succeed in a dynamic and global environment. The community is also believed to have a role to play in the success of this mission as well. ‘No Child Left Behind’ (NCLB) has used more than ten various roles to show how parents and/or community delegates are involved in the education process. Some of these roles include: Advising and recommending Evaluating and reviewing plans Consults the state and local school districts in a systematic style Will liaise with other partners to support the education process The NCLB calls for community and parents to get involved in their children’s education through consultation. Consultation requirements take place on various levels, which include: â€Å"federal, state and local district levels† (NCLB Action Briefs). Parents and community representatives are then selected to advise the NCLB committee accordingly. The various involvement and consultation roles made available by the NCLB have not been specifically defined in the statute. Therefore, the PEN and NCPIE makes recommendations for community members and parents, asking them to take advantage of every chance there is in involvement as talked about by the law. The various areas where parents and community members are involved include: â€Å"limited literacy, limited English proficiency and disabilities† (NCLB Action Briefs). Title I, Part C, section 1304 (c) (c) (3); Section 1306 (a) (1) (B) of the NCLB Action Briefs dictates that â€Å"the comprehensive plan for this program must be developed in collaboration with parents of migratory children†. This way, the program sees to it that the needs of immigrant students are met. Unfortunately, this is not the case as the needs of ESL/LEP students continue to be unmet (NCLB Action Briefs). The issue of LEP is highly factored in, in the ‘NCLB Action Briefs’ but the reason why it remains unresolved is unclear. Under section 3113 (b) and 1116 (b) (4 5) of this Brief, language instruction for LEP has been discussed with regard to supporting the LEP students. The state is expected to show that it consulted with the parents, school districts, teachers, education- related community groups and non-profit organizations, researchers and school administrators in the process aimed at assisting LEP students develop state achievement. School districts or entities applying for funds under the NCLB program are expected to produce a description of how they intend to support parental and community engagement in LEP students’ programs. Teachers, parents, researchers and administrators, and when convenient, nonprofit organizations and community groups should be consulted during the development of any plan affecting the LEP students as per the NCLB program (NCLB Action Briefs). The outlook and voice of public schools had abruptly taken a new turn in most parts of America within 30 years since 1979 (Brock, 2009). There are several aspects of education that have been modified within the recent years for example â€Å"classroom dynamics, teaching methods and pedagogy and the student body† (Brock, 2009). Based on Brocks experience, there has been an escalating focus on meeting the needs of immigrant students, and those with Limited English Proficiency (LEP) in many schools of America. LEP students in comparison with the emphasis of most teacher-preparation programs, require special techniques and methodologies during teaching. The highly held perception is that meeting the needs of LEP students is a great challenge. According to the current situation, LEP students’ needs are not met and mainly their linguistic needs. The reason for this is that the high rate of immigration was unexpected and with the inadequate funds alongside improperly trained teachers, little can be done for the LEP students. The results of these unmet needs are anti-socialism, high school dropout rates and academic failure. The problems affecting LEP students are more obvious and capable of producing harm, when in secondary schools. LEP or immigrant students have less time to adapt in a new community. In addition, they lack adequate time to obtai n necessary life skills required in enabling to be productive members of the society they are in. The short-content classes that form part of the academic structure in secondary schools do not provide the LEP students with a favorable learning environment. Another evident issue is that funds, which are set aside for LEP programs, are distributed unequally to elementary schools. The United States has a long history of immigration and despite this long history, only a few of the mainstream institutions have come into direct terms with the importance of demographic change that is immigration-driven. Subsequently, this has had a great role to play in modifying their policies and programs. The needs of immigrant children are rarely met and rarely discussed in debates (Ruis de Velasco, Chu Fix, 2001). The consistent rise and fall of percentages of immigrant and LEP students is accompanied by changes in policies aimed at catering for their needs and rights. Unfortunately, the changed poli cies are not fully understood by parents, students and teachers. In addition, they do not represent the LEP students’ immediate needs. Using English Language Learners (ELL) student data where information of various states in 2000-01 is available, the National Education Association has found out that the main languages are Spanish and Asian languages. 400 languages were said to have been spoken by ESL students across the United States. Studies carried out in the past have indicated that immigrant students are higher academic achievers than their native peers in schools. However, some subpopulations like the Mexicans and Central American Students have continued to lag behind a great deal. There is a high likelihood that LEP students may have missed adequate schooling while in their native countries hence the evident illiteracy associated with their native language. Others may have never had exposure to English; their oral proficiency may not be compared to their reading and wri ting skills as they lag behind their classmates with regard to the latter. These students are better referred to as long-term LEPs (Ruiz de Velasco et al., 2000). Public schools encounter various challenges related to instructing LEP students. One, there are no teachers and especially trained teachers. Secondly, there are few content teachers, who can effectively communicate with the LEP students. The unequal distribution of funds between secondary and elementary schools is yet another great challenge. While elementary schools are given adequate funding to cater for the needs of the LEP students, secondary schools miss out on this thus cannot offer substantial assistance to the LEP students. Title I is a special program that is supported by the federal targeted assistance via the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (Ruis-de-Velasco et al., 2000 cited in Brock, 2009). This ensures that all children have an equal, fair and significant chance to get high-quality education (US department of Education, 2009). The Title I program among such related programs is imperative to LEP or immigrant students. However, they are not typically present in secondary schools since elementary schools have got a high probability of receiving Title I funds. The highly likely places where LEP and immigrant students are mainly found are the high-poverty schools. The lack of funds makes it impossible for these high-poverty schools to have the capacity of educating either the LEP or those students who English is their native language. The ‘No Child Left Behind’ (NCLB) program is a disadvantage to LEP students because it funds schools with high scores based on standardized tests that are designed for English speaking students. In the whole of the United States, only 2.5 % of teachers with ELL students had made prior preparation to with these students by the year 2002. 84% of states were the only ones offering English as a Second Language or ESL certification or endo rsement; only 50% offered bilingual language certification or endorsement (National Education Association 2005). Only 12.5 % out of 41% teachers in the whole of the US engaged themselves in more than eight hours of professional development so as to assist the LEP students between 1999 and 2001. Less than 8% of teachers in seven states reported that they had engaged themselves in more than eight hours of LEP-specific professional development. More than one third (41%) of teachers apparently were teaching LEP students. The fact as reported by the US Department of Education is that, â€Å"addressing the needs of limited English proficient students†, is an area of professional development in which teachers are reluctant to engage in (National Center for Education Statistics, 2009). A huge challenge experienced by secondary LEP students is due to isolation of language development teachers alongside breaking down a day into 50-minute periods. These two factors militate against inst ructions meant for specific individuals by setting barriers to integration of language and content. The short periods are seen to lack continuity which is very important in promoting sustained, comprehensive and interactive guidance and instruction as required by LEP secondary students. The lack of curriculum standards to govern the education of the LEP students leaves the individual content-area teachers to determine the kinds of instructional methods to use and what content they will cover (Ruiz-de-Velasco et al., 2000). There is a high drop-out rate of LEP students in secondary schools due to lack of adequate funds required to finance the education and needs of these students so that they can be great academic achievers. The immigration status is used in checking the drop-out rates. Foreign-born children tend to drop out of secondary school more than children born in the United States but with foreign-born parents. In 2005, 24% of foreign-born students between the ages of 16 and 24 dropped out of secondary school. This was in comparison with 16% of students with foreign-born parents that had dropped out during the same time. All in all, the general dropout rates for both kinds of immigrant students are higher than for the national average. Foreign-born students account for 11% of the entire student population yet they make up 29% of the drop-out population (Child Trends Data Bank, 2003). The dropout rate for Hispanic immigrants was 23% while that of Asian immigrants was 3% as indicated by Callahan in 2005. As of 1995, the dropout rate for the first, second and third Mexican generations, was twice that of the national average. Complex political, social and cultural factors are responsible for the differences in dropout rates between the Hispanic and the Asian immigrants. The most patent fact is that the needs of LEP students are not being met in American public schools due to an array of reasons which include â€Å"educational policy, limited funds and reso urces, inadequate teacher training and lack of preparedness for LEP students within schools† (Brock, 2009). These kinds of students are getting into the practical world without the correct and appropriate skills and tools. Programs designed to meet the needs for LEP students are not consistent, lack proper structuring and are not effective. It is a necessity that a total restructure of public education for LEP students at all levels is done. The success and achievement of a student is not guaranteed or automatic. Such an outcome requires proper planning, action and consistent evaluation. An example of such a plan is that of DoDEA whose mission is to â€Å"provide an exemplary education that inspires and prepares all students for success in a dynamic, global environment† (DoDEA 2009, 3). In order to achieve there are various goals set in place to ensure that this mission is achieved in the long run and that every student experiences success and achievement. Included in D oDEA’s goals is that â€Å"all students should meet or exceed challenging standards in academic content so that they are prepared for continuous learning†. It is obvious that this does not factor in the LEP and immigrant students. In any feasibility test, it would not augur well if students of varying abilities are exposed to the same challenge. Each student should be exposed to unique challenges that will help him or her become a better individual. They should not be used as a means to frustrate and disappoint. Other goals of the DoDEA include: DoDEA will make use of â€Å"performance-driven management systems and which will operate in a timely, equitable and efficient manner† (DoDEA 2009, 4). â€Å"Allocation of resources and decision making will be placed at the lowest operational level and there will be creation of a safe environment that is appropriate for optimum student achievement† (DoDEA 2009, 4). Motivation of DoDEA’s workforce character ized by diversity would be guaranteed so that it is committed to professional growth and development that supports success and achievement of students. Communications and partnerships would be developed, promoted and maintained to ensure student development. Parents are key figures in their children’s education according to DoDEA’s community strategic plan. They can greatly help in enabling their children become high achievers. The first teacher in a child’s life is the parent. In addition, the child will trust the [aren’t more than the teacher. It is therefore very important for parents to promote continuous learning at home. Before a child enters school, a parent is faced with the responsibility of introducing and teaching the child basic skills such as letter and number recognition. Reading interesting books to a child as a parent fosters literacy. It is the parent’s role to monitor the child’s academic progress on a consistent basis thr oughout the year. Programs such as GradeSpeed will be of great help in enabling the parent keep current with assessments, curriculum and homework assignments. The reason why a parent is involved in this way is so that he or she can point out areas which he or she feels that her child is missing on. A parent should make sure that a safe and conducive environment is available for his or her child. School rules and understanding the importance of education are important while ensuring a safe and conducive environment for the child as a parent. School rule protect the child from engaging in bad behavior. Comprehension of the importance of education instills within the child a desire to succeed and with such a perception, the child is safe from bad influence as he or she fully understands his or her role as student. ESL/LEP students may feel left out when in mainstream class as they may be experiencing difficulties trying to fully comprehend English. The support of a parent in this situa tion and making the child understand that he or she can make it despite the present odds is very important. A child needs to understand that he or she should go an extra mile to ensure that he or she understands that which was unclear in class by reading more and engaging in more research. If teachers fail to support the LEP/ESL students, making the child understand his or her role as a student will enable him or her perform his or her role as a student in a diligent manner. According to a study carried out by Lee Morrish (2010), Chinese parents were considered to play a significant role in as far decision making of their children was concerned. The role of Chinese parenting in the students’ lives is influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist. According to Confucius, there is a need to teach a child how to be competent and responsible in every aspect of life including education (Shek, 2006). The concept of filial piety is the one that governs a child’s devotion to h is or her parents in the Chinese world. The parent on the other hand demonstrates love and devotion through control and discipline. However, the western values have infringed into this society and this trend has been diluted. The result is that parents fail to participate in their children’s lives and the children on the other hand fail to show responsibility and competence as a sign of devotion to their parents. The end result of it all, are the low scores that are normally evident among the LEP and immigrant students. All in all, education is considered as a ticket to a bright future; both for the family and the child amongst the Chinese society. If a child fails academically, the whole family takes up the failure and greatly empathizes with the child who has failed. Lack of parental involvement in a child’s education is the main reason why the LEP students achieve low scores as the parents are not getting involved in their children’s education. An exploratory study conducted by Ji Koblinsky, 2009 reported minimal involvement of Chinese immigrant parents in their children’s elementary and secondary education. â€Å"29 low-income urban parents working in the hospitality sector and with their children in public schools participated in this study† (Ji Koblinsky, 2009). Interviews were conducted on the parents pertaining to â€Å"academic expectations, parent involvement, knowledge of school performance and barriers to involvement† (Ji Koblinsky, 2009). Reports of high academic expectations were evident but only 50% of the parents had information about their children’s school performance. Around 35% of the parents took part in parent-teacher conferences, 14% assisted their children with homework while another 10% had agreed to become volunteers in the schools where their children attended. There was no parent who was noted as taking part in community collaborations or school decision making processes. Reason be ing limited English and involving work schedules which acted as the main barriers. Causative Analysis There are a number of reasons why elementary students are not successful in the mainstream classroom and not showing continuous progress on a year-to-year basis. ESL students struggle with completing homework and class work independently Lack of fully understanding the assignment ESL students are expected to learn English and content-subjects where English is used in disseminating information at the same time. This is a very challenging situation for ESL students as they have to understand English and English-taught content at the same time. Lack of back ground knowledge to complete the task ESL students are learning thus, the probability that they lack background information is plausible since learning English is a task in itself. The fact that they do not fully comprehend English may be accompanied by a lack of background knowledge in handling a task that has been dictated in Engl ish. Lack of understanding vocabulary English is a complex subject and has got an array of fields pertaining to the language. English vocabulary requires one to have an excellent understanding of the language as it may difficult to understand an English statement where English vocabulary has been applied. This is much difficult for the ESL students who are yet to fully comprehend all the basics entailed in the English language. Lack of basic study strategies It is overwhelming to learn English and content subjects at the same time and especially for ESL students. This may bring about confusion as one is unable to figure out the kind of study strategies to adopt in helping him or her handle both at the same time. ESL students are not successful on formative and summative assessments Students have little to no support at home Parental involvement in education has been found to be a very imperative aspect of student academic achievement. Parents have a great role to play in as far as b rining up their children is concerned; their support and guidance counts a lot. ESL students are in need of parental support to help them face the challenges they go through in learning English and English based content-subjects. Students reading levels are below grade level ESL students are new to the English language. Therefore, their reading and writing skills are expected to be below average despite the fact that they may have great speaking skills. ESL students should create more time for learning English. This way, they can understand the English language better and will be more equipped in handling content-based subjects. Classroom teachers do not modify the curriculum and/or teaching methods to meet the needs of ESL students Classroom teachers are not familiar with the different cultures of the ESL students Parental involvement is very important in education and DoDEA has made sure to include this as one of their goals that will help ESL students gain higher scores. Parental involvement in the school committee, education activities makes it possible for teachers and administrators to understand the different cultures related to the ESL students they have. This way, they can know how to help these students in the most efficient manner. However, this is not the case as most parents are not involved in the education process of their children. The western values have largely contributed to this as is the case with the Chinese society (Ji Koblinsky, 2009). Classroom teachers are reluctant to participate in co-teaching The lack of adequate funding has greatly affected the time teachers are willing to spend in classrooms. That is why mainstream classrooms have been used despite the varying abilities of the students. Teachers are not willing to have special time for the ESL students in what can be called ‘co-teaching’. Therefore, the needs of ESL continue to be unmet hence the low scores. Classroom teachers are not communicating effectively with parents The lack of parental involvement makes it impossible for the teachers and parents to engage in objective communication aimed at helping ESL students become high academic achievers. Parents and teachers are the ones who can help the ESL students best if only they would get into consistent communication. ESL students may withdraw themselves due to a lack of a sense of belonging. Classroom teachers are not collaborating with ESL teachers This lack of collaboration leads to lack of sharing information related to the students. As a result, classroom teachers and the ESL teachers do not work as a team hence, learning objectives will not be met the way they ought to. Lack of collaboration between the classroom teachers and ESL teachers will not help in understanding the students better hence; they will not come up with better ways of assisting these students. Classroom teachers are not implementing interventions recommended by the sub-targeted community Interventions are made so as to address a particular situation hence assist in making the situation better. Lack of implementation of such interventions only means that the situation will only get worse or become unattended. The lack of implementation of interventions by classroom teachers does not address the needs of ESL students as proposed. Subsequently, the ESL students continue to suffer as there is no one to help gain academic excellence. They continue to get low grades since their problems remain unresolved and may become worse with each assign day. Parents are not aware of the legal rights of ESL students NCLB Action Briefs, Community and Parent Decision-Making: A Review Action to this review, the needs of every student, including the immigrant and ESL students should be met. The lack of parental involvement in decision making process related to their children’s education is associated with a lack of information on the legal rights of ESL students. This way, the ESL students cannot fight for th eir rights to have their education met as they do not know what they are legally entitled to as ESL students. ESL students are not successful because of lack of parental support Cultural differences for all stakeholders Lack of parental involvement in child education leads to lack of understanding one another since the ESL students are from different parts of the world hence have got different cultural values which may not conform with the education activities of the school they are in. That is why it is very important for ESL parents to become involved in all aspects that pertains t their children’s education as this is the only way through which the teachers can understand these students better and be better placed in as far as providing them with assistance is concerned. However, for as long as parents refrain from getting involved in their children’s education, ESL students will continue to become low achievers as no one understands them and their needs. Language E nglish is a complex language. ESL students are in the process of learning this language but due to their involvement in content-based subjects, they fail to put much effort in learning the language. As a result they experience a lot of difficulties in education at large as the fundamental aspect of all the content-based subjects is learning the English language, which they assume. Outcomes and Analysis Goals The goal is to provide a collaborative home school partnership that educates parents and/or caregivers on different programs, activities and curriculum. This aims at enabling parents and/or caregivers of their crucial role in as far education of their children is concerned. Through cultivating a positive home school partnership the quality and quantity of parental involvement will have a major impact on student achievement. Expected Outcomes Parents should become more involved in their children’s education. Parents of migratory children are consulted with regard to the ne eds of their children so that the needs of LEP/ESL students are catered for. Effective communication is realized between all the concerned stakeholders in as far education of all students is concerned notwithstanding the prevailing cultural differences and language barriers. No more than 25 of the 30 (75%) ESL students will complete the DODEA Student Customer computer-based survey. No more than 30% of the district parents will complete the Customer Satisfaction Survey. No more that 14 of the 30 (45%) ESL students will score in the average range of the summative assessment. No more that 18 of the 30 (54%) ESL students will complete technology based assignment No more than 25 of the 30 (75%) ESL students will complete technology based reading summative assessments. Measurement of Outcomes (subheading): 1-2 pages Measurement of Outcomes Analysis of Outcomes This is the number of students taking the online DODEA student survey. Chi-Square This is the total percentage of parents i n the Japan district completing the online survey. Chi-Square This is the number of ESL students taking the summative assessment that scored in the average range. Percentile Rank This is the number of ESL students receiving services that complete homework daily. Correlation This is the number of ESL students taking a variety of bi-weekly summative assessments across the curriculum. Percentile Rank Analysis of Results The Department of Defense Schools  (2006-09) website  provides an executive summary sharing the findings of the Customer Satisfaction Survey for school years 2006-2010 of the survey. This data will be compared using the chi-square statistical procedure to compare the participation of ESL parents and students. â€Å"The parent Customer The report reveals that only 30% of the district parents completed the survey. Survey will indicate that no more than 75% of the 4th grade ESL population had a favorable opinion of Yokota West Elementary School (YWES).† According to  Department of Defense Schools  (2010),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Only 75% of the ESL student population will complete the technology based reading summative assessments†Ã‚  (Yokota West Elementary 2005-2010 TerraNova,  para. 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010). â€Å"The correlation statistical procedure will be used to measure effectiveness of the school wide intervention and ESL students† (Pearson SuccessNet,  2010,  para.  ). Solution Strategy Problem Statement The problem is many English as Second Language students are not successful in a mainstream classroom. Discussion How the use of computer in the classroom impacts the learning of English as a Second Language for learners An appropriate infusion of computer technology is something which the United States has put into great consideration. It was in 2002 when President George Bush signed the NCLB Act and it became law. The improvement in academic learning whereby students achieved higher grades through the use of technology was accompanied by the announcement of the new â€Å"Enhancing Education through Technology† (ED Tech) initiative. This initiative was instigated by Rod Paige, the former U. S. Secretary of Education, shortly after the NCLB act was signed. The ED Tech goals are to: I. Ensure students improve their academic performance by using technology in schools. II. Help students so that they become computer literate. III. Make sure that teachers properly integrate computer technology into the curriculum to improve student achievement. The use of computers in secondary and elementary schools was approved by the â€Å"State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC) and educators were asked to meet the following requirements as outlined by the SBEC† (Lu,  2006, 159): -Every teacher was asked to use â€Å"technology-related concepts, data input strategies, terms, and ethical practices to make informed choices about up-to-date technologies and their applications. -Every teacher is expected to â€Å"identify task requirements, apply search strategies and make use of up-to-date technology to efficiently analyze, acquire and evaluate various kinds of electronic information† (Lu,  2006, 159). -Every teacher should use â€Å"appropriate tools relevant for the task so as to create knowledge and solutions, modify solutions and evaluate the end results in a manner that enhances the work of individuals and groups in solving problems† (Lu,  2006, 159). -Every teacher should pass information across using different formats for diverse audiences -Every teacher should â€Å"plan, organize, deliver and organize instruction† to cater for the needs of all students by incorporating into the curriculum, the effective use of computer knowledge in teaching and integrating Technology Applications Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) (Lu,  2006, 159). The exploratory study of barriers that affect the use of Computer Aided Learnin g for Language (CALL) programs in ESL instructions makes recommendations on how this problem can be handled. To start with, using CALL should be incorporated with multimedia and should involve offline experiences that will enable students become immersed in language. Inflection and connotation are types of language nuances that are not learnt with the help of a computer. Elements of culture are necessary in the completion of the entire language learning experience and will complement the correctness and academic aspect of language. The teaching and learning process makes use of human interaction, which requires a combined effect while using technology. Combining web-based classes and traditional teaching programs is an effective way of teaching ESL (Lu,  2006, 162). IV. Kennedy Scott  (2005),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"investigates the effects of music therapy techniques on the story retelling and speaking skills of ESL students in middle school† According to this prospective study where pretest and post-test data was used, â€Å"an investigation of the effects of music techniques on story retelling and speaking skills of ESL middle schools students was done† (Kennedy Scott, 2005). 34 middle school Hispanic students with ages between 10 and 12 in both high and low functioning groups took part in this study which took a period of 12 weeks. There were significant statistical differences between the pretest and post-test data. Different music therapy techniques that included â€Å"music and movement, active music listening, group chanting and singing, musical games, rhythmic training, music and sign language, and lyric analysis and rewrite activities as supplemental activities to the ESL goals and objectives† (Kennedy Scott, 2005). Based on the results, all students in experimental groups achieved higher scores when compared with control groups, with regard to story retelling skills notwithstanding the placement of high and low functioning groups. Compa risons done on a monthly basis on both high and low functioning experimental groups have also showed substantial progress in English speaking skills. V. According to Paeplow and Braenen  (2006)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"designed a comprehensive program of three approaches to improve ESL student achievement  (p.). ESL students are faced by two main challenges. They need to become English literate while at the same time, they are required to gain content knowledge across various subject areas. Therefore, a targeted ESL curriculum that will guide these students from elementary to high school is necessary. This curriculum will stretch to allow extra learning time and opportunities in order to practice as a way of overcoming barriers related to English language acquisition. The use of Plato ® Achievve Now program in schools shows statistical significant achievement gain for ESL students. ESL students at elementary and junior high school levels have experienced academic achievement in reading and m athematics local assessments. Academic achievement has also been realized in high stake tests. The Plato ® Achieve Now program has partly contributed to the students’ achievement as it engages students in educational gaming while pointing out to the three critical needs that are very vital to the success of ESL programs. These are â€Å"more time for learning, more parental involvement and motivation of students† (Paeplow and Braenen,  2006). More learning time is accounted for in using the classroom, programs prevailing after school and after summer as well as parental involvement. Parental involvement is a key aspect that makes a large contribution in as far as successful ESL programs are concerned. Parents who are well informed about their children’s education are able to support them and help them apply concepts in real life situations. The delivery of PLATO Achieve Now on PlayStation ® 2 game consoles, students are able to aces the curriculum from hom e and this is associated with multiple benefits which include: Accessing instructions thus eliminating the gap between the computer haves and have-nots. Increasing time on learning Increasing family literacy since the family will assist the students in doing assignments VI. There are major difficulties that arise in scaling-up efforts, specifically with regard to students’ linguistic, cultural, and socioeconomic diversity in elementary school science. Grounded in the instructional congruence framework, Lee Luykx,  2005 makes known the challenges facing schools and teachers in making explicit explanations about science disciplines with nonmainstream students’ linguistic and cultural experiences. Promotion of English language and literacy is also enhanced. Rigorous attention to such challenges is required as it will help make scaling up of educational interventions more effective. In addition, it will help in resolving the impasses around the question of what makes up â€Å"best policies and practices† applicable for diverse student groups  (Lee Luykx,  2005). Selected Solution Strategies / Calendar Plan Provide data supporting the need for implementation of a parent involvement strategic plan. Develop an effective parental involvement program with input from all stakeholders. Include parents and/or caregivers as representatives on school boards that have a major impact on policy-making decisions that govern the school. Design efficient ways to communicate with parents and/or caregivers recognizing language barriers and cultural differences. Quarterly evaluate the program and revise components as deemed necessary to continue a successful partnership. Establish a workshop for parent involvement training through staff development. Document parent involvement practices into the governance component of the continuous school improvement process. Create a parent education program to assist parents and/or caregivers in understanding the curriculum to support classroom learning. Calendar Plan DAY TIME PLAN COMPLETE 2.5 hours Sub-Targeted Group Teacher Diversity Professional Growth Diversity Community Facilitator Open Forum Parent Diversity Professional Growth DoDEA Liaison to coordinate and facilitate training Open forum 30 mins. Sub-Targeted Group Intervention Professional Growth Kagan Facilitator Engaged Learning Best Practices Collaboration Facilitator 15 mins. Faculty Meeting: Parent Center Professional Growth Communication All Day Parent Center Team Meeting Planning Meeting Invitation Date Time Location Furnishings Library Programs Activities Intervention Training Home-school Partnership All Day Sub-Targeted Group Intervention Professional Growth Differentiation Technology Music Family night Open House DoDEA Parent Customer Satisfaction Survey Parent Gradespeed Training 1hour Education Night Sub-target Teacher’s design activitie s to emphasis interventions Kagan Engaged Learning Music Technology  ½ day Parent Teacher Conference 1 hour SmartBoard Training Paul Heino, Educational Technologist Professional Development/Faculty Meeting: Monitoring Student Work Community One-Minute Reports Interventions Professional Development Effective Strategies for teaching ELL Students presented by ESL Teacher Professional Development/Faculty Meeting: Sub-Target Differentiation – Best Practices Collaboration Community Professional Development Sub-Target Infusion of Technology-Paul Heino, Educational Technologist Professional Development Sub-Target Local Assessment Record Sheets so we can disaggregate data  ½ day Professional Development Sub-Target Training on protocol for scoring local assessments Score local assessments Look at TN data by grade level Communities for next SY/Celebrate Successes Professional Development/Faculty Meeting: Community One-Minute Reports Results The problem is that many English as Second Language students are not successful in a mainstream classroom. The objective of this action research project is to assist ESL students become high achievers. This can be achieved through collaborative efforts between teachers and administrators in school and the parents. This way, parental involvement is enhanced. It was expected that less than 75% of ESL students would complete the DoDEA Student Customer computer-based survey. According to the Department of Defense schools report, only 75% of the ESL students took part in this survey thus the expected outcome was achieved. Less than 30% of the district parents were expected to complete the Customer Satisfaction Survey. 30% of the parents took part in the customer satisfaction survey thereby falling within the expected outcome. Subsequently, the objective pertaining to the expected outcome was met. Less than 45% of ESL students would get an aver age score in their summative assessment. The Department of Defense Schools report (2010) shows that indeed less than 45% of ESL students achieved an average score in their summative assessment. This is within the expected outcome hence the objective was met. Less than 54% of ESL students were expected to complete the technology based assignment. Less than 75% of the ESL students were expected to complete technology based reading summative assessments. Apparently, these two expected outcomes were met thus meeting the set objectives with regard to the two expected outcomes. Discussion The completion of the customer survey questionnaire in the year 2008-09 shows an escalation in participation of parents in completing the questionnaire. However, the general response rate of the parents is still very low hence, the call for parental involvement in the education of their children. The lack of total parental involvement can be said to be in part, responsible for the large number of student s scoring below average in summative assessment. The use of technology is shown to play a considerably important role in the performance of the ESL students. More than fifty percent of the ESL students have completed their technology based assignments and technology based reading summative assessments. The expected outcomes in as far as completing the customer satisfaction survey questionnaire is concerned were achieved, mainly because of the small number of ESL students and limited involvement of parents in the school curriculum. The range of ESL students expected to complete the customer satisfaction questionnaire is reasonable while considering the limited number of ESL students which is thirty. The reason why few ESL students attain an average score in the average summative assessment is because of the unmet ESL students’ needs in a mainstream class. The expected outcomes are achievable in this particular school because the researcher is well conversant with the surroundi ng of the school hence it is easy to make a prejudgment. Future Research Future research should include various schools with ESL students so as to get objective results. In addition, this will increase the number of participants (sample) and this way, an objective outcome will be obtained. Future research needs to look at how culture affects the academic performance of ESL students. Culture is something that is not highly valued in our modern world. It would therefore be an interesting topic that would view people’s perceptions with regard to culture and how it affects the education of ESL students. This information will be disseminated in the form of an article so that the students, school districts, parents and the community at large can get to know about the problems faced by ESL students and how their performance can be improved. The solutions developed in this research projected need to be implemented if student achievement is to be enhanced. The parental involvement pro gram is necessary as a means of mobilizing all parents to take get involved in their children’s education as that if a very critical aspect of learning, which is normally lacking in the education of the students. References Brock, J. (2009). Unmet Needs of Limited English Proficient Students in the United States. Retrieved from http:// www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=638 Callahan, Rebecca, M. (2005) American Educational Research Journal Summer, 42(2), 305 Child Trends Data Bank. (2003). High School Drop Out Rates. Retrieved from http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/indicators/1HighSchoolDropout.cfm Department of Defense Schools.  (2010).  DoDEA Data Center.  Retrieved from http://dodaac=HE6652year=2010id=tn Department of Defense Schools.  (2010).  DoDEA Data Center-School Report Card.  Retrieved from http://dodaac=HE6652year=2010id=tn Department of Defense Schools.  (2010).  DoDEA Data Center-Enrollment Report for Pacific Japan Schools.  Retrieve d from http://www.dodea.edu/datacenter/enrollment_display.cfm#Japan Department of Defense Schools.  (2009).  DODEA Research and Evaluation Branch.  Retrieved from http://www.dodea.edu/datacenter/docs/2009_CSS_ES.pdf Department of Defense Schools.  (2009).  SY 2008-2009 Customer Satisfaction Survey Results Yokota West ES Results (Full Report).  Retrieved from https://webapps.dodea.edu/CSS0809/report/report_export.cfm Department of Defense Schools.  (2007).  SY2006-07 Customer Satisfaction Survey Yokota West ES Results.  Retrieved from https://webapps.dodea.edu/CSS0809/report/report_export.cfm Department of Defense Schools. (2010). Community strategic plan – A Parents guide. Retrieved from Department of Defense Schools, website. Department of Defense Education Activity.  (2007).  English as a second language program guide.  Retrieved from http://www.dodea.edu/curriculum/docs/esl/eslprogramGuide0307.pdf Fix, M., Zimmerman, W., Chu W. (2001). The Integra tion of Immigrant Families in the United States. The Urban Institute. Ji, C. S. Koblinsky, S. A. (2009). Parent Involvement in Children’s Education: An Exploratory Study of Urban, Chinese Immigrant Families. Urban Education, 44 (6), 687-709. Kagan Spencer.  (2003).  Kagan’s Articles.  Retrieved from http://www.kaganonline.com/free_articles/dr_spencer_kagan/ASK20.php Kennedy, R. Scott, A. (2005). A Pilot Study: the Effects of Music Therapy Interventions on Middle School Students’ ESL Skills. J Music Ther., 42 (4), 244-61. Lee, C. K. Morrish, S. (2010). The Role of Parents in Children’s Pverseas Education Institution Choices: A Study of Chinese Families. Retrieved from http://anzmac2010.org/proceedings/pdf/anzmac10Final00215.pdf Lee, O., Luykx, A. (2005). Dilemmas in Scaling Up Innovations in Science Instruction with Nonmainstream Elementary Students. American Educational Research. Lu, S.  (2006).  Barriers of ESL call programs in South Texas.   Educational Leadership and Counseling Department Texas A M University.  Retrieved from http://jolt.merlot.org/vol2no3/lu_old.htm National Center for Education Statistics. (2009). U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/ NCLB Action Briefs. Community and Parent Decision-Making: A Review. Retrieved from http:// www.ncpie.org/nclbaction/community_parent_decision_making.html Paeplow, C., Braenen, N. (2006,  October). A 3- tier model of education intervention. Eye on Evaluation, (06.09), 2, 3, 4, 7 16. Pearson SuccessNet. (2010). Success Tracker. Retrieved from Pearson SuccessNet, Language Arts website. Ruiz-de-Velasco, J. Fix, M., Chu C. (2000). Overlooked and Underserved; Immigrant Students in U.S. Secondary Schools. The Urban Institute. Shek, D. T. L. (2006). Chinese family research: Puzzles, progress, paradigms, and policy implications. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 275-284 This research paper on Action Research Project was written and submitted by user Gerald Burris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

IUPAC Atomic Weights of the Elements List

IUPAC Atomic Weights of the Elements List This is the 2013 list of atomic weights of the elements in increasing atomic number, as accepted by the IUPAC. The table is based on the Standard Atomic Weights Revised v2 (Sept 24,2013). The list includes the 2013  changes to the atomic weights of 19 elements: arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cesium, cobalt, fluorine, gold, holmium, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, phosphorus, praseodymium, scandium,  selenium, thorium, thulium and yttrium. These values remain current until the IUPAC sees the need to revise them. Values given by the [a;b] notation highlights the range of atomic weights for the element. For these elements, the atomic weight is dependent on the physical and chemical history of the element. The interval reflects the minimum (a) and the maximum (b) values for the element.Values given in chevron brackets (e.g., Fm 257) are the mass numbers of the longest-lived isotope of elements that do not have stable nuclides. However, atomic weights are provided for Th, Pa, and U because these elements have a characteristic abundance in the earths crust. For detailed element facts, consult the  Periodic Table  for individual elements. Atomic Number - Symbol - Name - Atomic Weight 1   H   - Hydrogen - [1.007 84; 1.008 11]2   He - Helium - 4.002 602(2)3   Li - Lithium - [6.938; 6.997]4   Be - Beryllium - 9.012 1831(5)5   B   - Boron - [10.806; 10.821]6   C   - Carbon - [12.0096; 12.0116]7   N   - Nitrogen - [14.006 43; 14.007 28]8   O   - Oxygen - [15.999 03; 15.999 77]9   F   - Fluorine - 18.998 403 163(6)10 Ne - Neon - 20.1797(6)11 Na - Sodium - 22.989 769 28(2)12 Mg - Magnesium - [24.304, 24.307]13 Al - Aluminium - 26.981 5385(7)14 Si - Silicon - [28.084; 28.086]15 P   - Phosphorus - 30.973 761 998(5)16 S   - Sulfur - [32.059; 32.076]17 Cl - Chlorine - [35.446; 35.457]18 Ar - Argon - 39.948(1)19 K   - Potassium - 39.0983(1)20 Ca - Calcium - 40.078(4)21 Sc - Scandium - 44.955 908(5)22 Ti - Titanium - 47.867(1)23 V   - Vanadium - 50.9415(1)24 Cr - Chromium - 51.9961(6)25 Mn - Manganese - 54.938 044(3)26 Fe - Iron - 55.845(2)27 Co - Cobalt - 58.933 194(4)28 Ni - Nickel 58.6934(4)29 Cu - Copper - 63.546(3)30 Zn - Zinc - 65.3 8(2)31 Ga - Gallium - 69.723(1)32 Ge - Germanium - 72.630(8)33 As - Arsenic - 74.921 595(6)34 Se - Selenium - 78.971(8)35 Br - Bromine - [79.901, 79.907]36 Kr - Krypton - 83.798(2)37 Rb - Rubidium - 85.4678(3)38 Sr - Strontium - 87.62(1)39 Y   - Yttrium - 88.905 84(2)40 Zr - Zirconium - 91.224(2)41 Nb - Niobium - 92.906 37(2)42 Mo - Molybdenum - 95.95(1)43 Tc - Technetium - 9844 Ru - Ruthenium - 101.07(2)45 Rh - Rhodium - 102.905 50(2)46 Pd - Palladium - 106.42(1)47 Ag - Silver - 107.8682(2)48 Cd - Cadmium - 112.414(4)49 In - Indium - 114.818(1)50 Sn - Tin - 118.710(7)51 Sb - Antimony - 121.760(1)52 Te - Tellurium - 127.60(3)53 I   - Iodine - 126.904 47(3)54 Xe - Xenon - 131.293(6)55 Cs - Cesium - 132.905 451 96(6)56 Ba - Barium - 137.327(7)57 La - Lanthanum - 138.905 47(7)58 Ce - Cerium - 140.116(1)59 Pr - Praseodymium - 140.907 66(2)60 Nd - Neodymium - 144.242(3)61 Pm - Promethium - 14562 Sm - Samarium - 150.36(2)63 Eu - Europium - 151.964(1)64 Gd - Gadolinium - 157.25(3)65 Tb - Terbium - 158.925 35(2)66 Dy - Dysprosium - 162.500(1)67 Ho - Holmium - 164.930 33(2)68 Er - Erbium - 167.259(3)69 Tm - Thulium - 168.934 22(2)70 Yb - Ytterbium - 173.054(5)71 Lu - Lutetium - 174.9668(1)72 Hf - Hafnium - 178.49(2)73 Ta - Tantalum - 180.947 88(2)74 W - Tungsten - 183.84(1)75 Re - Rhenium - 186.207(1)76 Os - Osmium - 190.23(3)77 Ir - Iridium - 192.217(3)78 Pt - Platinum - 195.084(9)79 Au - Gold - 196.966 569(5)80 Hg - Mercury - 200.592(3)81 Tl - Thallium - [204.382; 204.385]82 Pb - Lead - 207.2(1)83 Bi - Bismuth - 208.980 40(1)84 Po - Polonium - 20985 At - Astatine - 21086 Rn - Radon - 22287 Fr - Francium - 22388 Ra - Radium - 22689 Ac - Actinium - 22790 Th - Thorium - 232.037 7(4)91 Pa - Protactinium - 231.035 88(2)92 U   - Uranium - 238.028 91(3)93 Np - Neptunium - 23794 Pu - Plutonium - 24495 Am - Americium - 24396 Cm - Curium - 24797 Bk - Berkelium - 24798 Cf - Californium - 25199 Es - Einsteinium - 252100 Fm - Fermium - 257101 Md - Mendelevium - 258102 No - Nobelium - 259103 Lr - Lawrencium - 262104 Rf - Rutherfordium - 267105 Db - Dubnium - 268106 Sg - Seaborgium - 271107 Bh - Bohrium - 272108 Hs - Hassium - 270109 Mt - Meitnerium - 276110 Ds - Darmstadtium - 281111 Rg - Roentgenium - 280112 Cn - Copernicium - 285113 Uut - Ununtrium - 284114 Fl - Flerovium - 289115 Uup - Ununpentium - 288116 Lv - Livermorium - 293118 Uuo - Ununoctium - 294

Measures and Scale Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Measures and Scale - Statistics Project Example Various tests have been employed to determine if the regression model is satisfactory. The model is said to be satisfactory, if the estimated regression equation can predict the value of the dependent variable given values for the independent variables. The relationship between these two measures is that they analyze the extent to which variables are related. However, these two do not assess cause and effect. Stress is part of normal life though too much stress can cause emotional, psychological and physical problems such as heart disease, irregular heart, chest pains and high blood pressure (Quinn & Keough, 2002). Our main concern is to study the relationship between stress and high blood pressure. We want to ascertain whether medical researchers are right with regard to stress causing high blood pressure. Let us determine the relationship of these two by using a sample of 20 patients who had their stress test score and blood readings taken. Regression and correlation is used in ascertaining the relationship as shown below: From the above workings in the table, the correlation coefficient is one. Therefore, the relationship between stress and blood pressure is a linear one. This simply means that when stress levels increase, the blood pressure also increases. The regression model is determined is fit as we were able to predict the values of blood pressure at given levels of stress. The correlation is +1, therefore a relationship which is linear exists between BMI and birth weight. Using regression analysis, it will be not possible to predict the birth weight given the BMI because the model is Ã… · =