How do Piagets and Vygotskys theories of learning and development Essay

How do Piagets and Vygotskys theories of learning and development compare regarding the influences of social interactions in childrens cognitive development - Essay Example These theories include Maturationist, Environmentalist and Constructivists ones. These three schools of thoughts have different views and ideas on child development. Piaget and Vygotsky are the pioneers and representatives of the Constructivist school of thought. Both of them have similarities and dissimilarities in their views. Before discussing the three aspects of child development, it is necessary to define cognitive psychology. In the words of Anderson: Cognitive psychology attempts to understand the nature of human intelligence and how people think. The study of cognitive psychology is motivated by scientific curiosity, by the desire for practical applications, and by the need to provide a foundation for other fields of social science. (Anderson, 1990:1) The Swiss biologist Jean Piaget and Russian psychologist Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky were the theorists to advance the constructivist theory of Cognitive development in children. According to which the cognitive development starts in children with their interaction with the environment and people around them. It is necessary for a child’s development, according to them, that he must interact with other individuals of society. The theory is different from the Maturationist school of thought. The Maturationist theorists believe that the cognitive development is a biological process, and all the healthy (normal) children get it as long as they grow physically. The theorists including Arnold Gessel and others believe that the cognitive development occur naturally and automatically. DeCos has quoted their views in these words: School readiness, according to maturationists, is a state at which all healthy young children arrive when they can perform tasks such as reciting the alphabet and counting; these tasks are required for learning more complex tasks such as reading and arithmetic. (DeCos, 1997) On the other hand, constructivists are of the view that development in children is not the outcome of

Organization change and innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Organization change and innovation - Essay Example Further than sociology, organizational innovation can make significant inputs to quite a lot of key fields of recent research. The most noticeable one is study on nationwide structures of innovation; however, it is equally pertinent to endogenous hypotheses of financial development more commonly. The link between the selection of type and the presumption of organizational change can be made since every concept or point of view relies on a comparatively open analysis of the environment. As these links are formed, â€Å"implicitly a number of new areas of research on innovation are suggested† (Poole, 2000, p. 102). Structural Contingency Theory A steady demand caused the automatic organization, but an altering demand formed the requirement for an organic organization with its stress on innovation as well as flexibility. Many researchers argue that more and more financial as well as political divisions should currently highlight either the organic representation or inter-organiza tional networks. However, the contingencies that describe why one specific type of â€Å"inter-organizational network is better for which kind of innovation and in which institutional or societal context have not been developed† (Poole, 2000, p. 154). Political Theory Political theory appeared â€Å"in opposition to structural contingency theory† (Poole, 2004, p. ... which the leading alliance, once in control, can stay even if the essential contingencies for the organization change, as a result, giving a reason for why a number of businesses do not deal with environment change. Nonetheless, without considering which takes place first - alterations within the main contingency or alterations within the leading alliance - shifts in the concluding one mostly indicate changes in policy in the direction of innovation or away from it. As a result, the political representation can be simply incorporated with the decisions on the significance of a high-risk policy, generally a unique ‘prerogative’ of this leading alliance. Organizational Environment Theory An exceptional evaluation of the research efforts that have been carried out on organizational change and innovation within this point of view shows that the majority of the organizational environment has highlighted the choice of organizational type. However, little concentration has been given to either the organic formation, the difficulty of the distribution of labor, or modernization rates. Perspectives on Organizational Change Organizational change is controlled by the institutionalization of authority in addition to the activities of interest groups in as well as around organizations. Since the last decade, both the authority implanted within official organizational structures in addition to the procedures and the current organizational understandings have been altering considerably. The stress of international competition as well as deregulation has caused a number of organizations and associations to look for new types of organization and various representations for managing individuals. Organizations turn â€Å"flatter, leaner, and less functionally oriented† (O’Reilly